Memory Management in Operating Systems free essay sample

Memory management in multiple operating systems An operating system is responsible for assigning memory to processes so that processes can be executed. Broadly, this responsibility is defined as memory management, and operating systems handle memory management differently. Any operating system must do two things in order to handle memory effectively. First, an operating system must be able to allocate and free physical memory. Second, an operating system must have techniques in place to keep track of the location of programs in physical memory. Examples of the ways different operating systems handle memory management can be seen by evaluating the Linux and the Windows 7 operating systems. In order to keep track of the locations of programs in physical memory, the Linux operating system employs virtual memory techniques. â€Å"The Linux virtual memory system is responsible for maintaining the address space visible to each process. It creates pages of virtual memory on demand and manages loading those pages from disk and swapping them back out to disk as required. We will write a custom essay sample on Memory Management in Operating Systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † (Silberschatz, 2009, p. 823) It is evident that Linux uses a paging strategy with its virtual memory technique. When the Linux operating system attempts to execute a program, the operating system will not directly access the program from physical memory. Instead, it will access a table of virtual memory addresses that keeps track of physical memory locations. This virtual memory address will then reference the physical memory location of a program so that it can be placed for execution in the CPU. The allocation of physical memory varies depending on the architecture of a computer, but with the Linux operating system, â€Å"the primary physical-memory manager in the Linux kernel is the page allocator. (Silberschatz, 2009, p. 820) The page allocator carries the responsibility of dynamically freeing and allocating all physical memory. The page allocator is a primary tool of all memory subsystems used in the Linux operating system. Of these subsystems, â€Å"the most important are the virtual memory system†¦, the kmalloc() variable-length allocator; the slab allocator, used for allocating memory for kernel data structures; and the page cache, used for caching pages belong to files. † (Silberschatz, 2009, p. 821) In Windows, â€Å"the memory manager implements virtual memory, provides a core set of services such as memory mapped files, copy-on-write memory, large memory support, and underlying support for the cache manager. † (Microsoft, 2012) Windows employs virtual memory techniques in a similar way to the Linux operating system. It also uses a process of file mapping in order to keep track of the location of files in physical memory. Virtual memory addresses are tracked in memory and have pointers that reference the physical location of a process on disk. In order to allocate and free memory, Windows uses a variety of different methods instead of a one-size fits all page allocator like Linux. Each method has different advantages and disadvantages and utilizes different memory management subsystems, the details of which are discussed in Microsoft documentation. These advantages and disadvantages are important for developers. The methods are CoTaskMemAlloc(), GlobalAlloc(), HeapAlloc(), LocalAlloc(), malloc(), new(), and VirtualAlloc(). There are a myriad of memory management techniques, and Windows and Linux, two major operating systems, employ techniques that share similarities but also have differences. According to Abraham Silberschatz (2009), â€Å"the memory-management algorithms [used by operating systems] vary from a primitive bare-machine approach to paging and segmentation strategies.

Jewish Bar Kochba Revolt Essays - Bar Kokhba Revolt, Free Essays

Jewish Bar Kochba Revolt Essays - Bar Kokhba Revolt, Free Essays Jewish Bar Kochba Revolt The Jewish revolt led by Bar Kochba in 132 AD was not the work of a single if a single radical revolutionary. It was the inevitable result of years of promises not kept to the Jews, and laws which suppressed the basis of Jews as a nation. To underezd the reason for Bar Kochba?s Revolt one must go back many years even before the war. Prior to Hadrian, an emperor by the name of Trajan was the ruler of the Roman empire. Due to the rebellion of the Jews in the Diaspora to the east and the west of them, Trajan, in order to keep the Jews in Palestine from rebelling he had to send a great general to be governor of the Jews in Palestine, a general who was well with the harshness in which he treated people. This general?s name was Tineius Rufus, he was the general that put down the uprising of the Jews in Parthia. Because of Rufus? reputation of his severity to the Jews, he uprooted any thought of the Jews in Palestine to rebel against Rome at that time. The Jews did not want to rebel anyway. Trajan had promised the Jews that he would rebuild the asenv ,hc, the Jews assumed this also meant to rebuild Jerusalem. The Pagans in Palestine did not want the asenv ,hc to be rebuilt, they thought that if it was rebuilt it would be the rebirth of the Jewish nation. Also, in addition, Trajan, the Emperor who made this promise died and was succeeded by Hadrian. The Jews were unsure if Hadrian would keep the promise that Trajan once made. Hadrian wanted to go to Jerusalem to see what he was rebuilding before he started the construction. When Hadrian got there he was awed by the sight of a once desolate and fruitful city in ruins. He immediately wanted to start the reconstruction. However later the Jews were surprised and disappointed to discover that Hadrian wanted to rebuild Jerusalem not as a city for the Jews to restart in, but as a Pagan city sanctified to the Pagan G-d Jupiter. He was going to put an alter where the Jews asenv ,hc once stood. Hadrian was to be the high priest. What once was called Jerusalem would now be called Aelia Capitolina. This was a mockery to the Jews. The Jews waited sixty years from the destruction of the Second asenv ,hc for Rome to restore it to them. The Jews held themselves back from Rebelling with their neighboring Jews in Diaspora because they held onto, and believed that Trajan?s promise would be kept. Furthermore, Hadrian later made a prohibition of circumcision. "Consequently the Jews saw in Hadrian another Antiochus Epiphanes. And where there was an Antiochus, a Maccabee was bound to arise." THE JEWS HAD TO REVOLT. The Romans had by now either banned or mocked some of the most important beliefs in Judaism. If they did not revolt against the Romans they would have died, in a spiritual sense. Even if the Romans didn?t kill them, they would not really be Jewish anymore. Circumcision, which was the physical difference between them as Jews and, as well as a basic premise of their Jewish beliefs. Their only choice was to gain their independence. Rabbi Akiva, a great scholar of his day, also once believed in Tarsus? promise. He had also been led astray. Therefore, the great Rabbi helped organize thousands of soldiers to fight for the independence and welfare of the Jewish people. Rabbi Akiva also picked a man named Shimon Bar Kochba to lead his army. Rabbi Akiva was sure that Bar Kochba would turn out to be "A second Judah the Maccabee." Rabbi Akiva was so sure of this that he called Bar Kochba the jhan. His name alone was a reference to him being the jhan, his name Bar Kochba means "Son of a Star" from the word Kochab which means star. There was also a sentence in the Torah which stated, "A star has come forth from David." Both times a star is mentioned. This is a direct referral to him being the jhan. Bar Kochba had to make sure his army was ferocious

The Impact of Lobbying on Standard Setting in Accounting Essay - 1

The Impact of Lobbying on Standard Setting in Accounting - Essay Example Since these standards must be complied, under the pain of â€Å"penalties† or consequences, companies or entities subject to it are necessarily interested on how should the guidelines or rules of action be made. Standards just like any other laws could be favorable to one person or group but may be unfavorable to another person or group. Standard setting therefore implies a balancing act in terms of its effect among different interested individuals or groups. 2.1.1 What the institutions are involved in standard setting in accounting? Two institutions must come together to have the accounting standards set or financial reporting standards accomplish the latter’s purpose. These are the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). SEC was established was created first in 1934 by the U.S. Congress while FASB’s creation followed in 1973. While SEC is basically an independent regulatory agency which should afford or allow investors information or facts about their investment before buying and while holding the same (Securities and Exchange Commission, 2011. , FASB is an independent, private and not-for-profit organization and recognized authoritative by the SEC (Financial Accounting Standards Board, n.d.). While the first is a government agency which implements laws enacted by congress and the second a private and non-profit organization, both must be independent.

Quiz Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Quiz - Coursework Example In simple terms bourgeois refers to the rich, the ruling class and those who owns the means of production. On the other hand, proletariat is the working class in the society. The two classes are created by the forces of capitalism and the working class are left being exploited by the rich people (Vattimo & Zabala, 2011). In simple terms, it refers to the â€Å"ethics of care vis-à  -vis the ethics of rights† (Mappes, 1994). Expounded, this refers to a situation whereby women are praised and are at the same time confronted for what they do. It also refers to situations where women are tangled in two opposing ethics, which involves care on one end and rights on the other end.   A woman, according to Mappes, is mostly confronted by a situation that she cannot handle or she is faced with two irreconcilable demands or a choice between two undesirable courses of action. Eventually, such demands usually lead to serious problems (Mappes, 1994). According to Mappes, care acts as the basis of the other ethics related to rights. When women are subjected to such situations Mappes argues that they are led to moral madness. The traditional role of women, according to Mappes is.to utilize the ethics of care. in this case, women are required to take care of the needs of others. The are also endowed with the duty of maintaining relationships. This simply means that the traditional role that women should play is that of care-giving. Mappes argues that this traditional role is not good as it associates women with low status and assumes that they are not supposed to use the public space (Mappes, 1994). Communism refers to the principles of economic fairness through the elimination of private property. Communism’s main role is to come up with social order since social classes and other things such as the state and money are not present. In communism, the community is entrusted with the ownership of resources and not individuals as it is the case with capitalism

The Housing Financial Crisis Speech or Presentation

The Housing Financial Crisis - Speech or Presentation Example The housing crisis or the sub prime crisis is getting worse rather than cooling off, this means that the US economy is only going to get adversely affected and this in turn is going to affect all the major economies of the world. The labor market is also getting affected and this means that there will be less job opportunities in the future for the people seeking jobs. The sale of new homes has fallen by almost 50% in the US and people have stopped purchasing new homes in the US because of the housing crisis in the country. Body: I. What triggered the crisis? A. The crisis began in the middle of 2007 and into 2008 1. Affected all the major economies 2. The US economy was perhaps the most badly hit B. Almost the whole world started living on a shoestring, deep pockets were reduced to mere pockets and lucre had certainly fallen short. 1. Countless people got their pink slip while some other got their walking papers. 2. AIG, Lehmann Brothers, Northern Rock, Goldman Sachs are some elite names that suffered the most because of the economic crisis also known as recession. 3. Lehmann brothers filed for bankruptcy while AIG and a few other elites just hanged in there with the skin of their teeth. II. This economic crisis is still having repercussions on countries like Greece and Spain; there are a few other countries that have been not so severely affected by the same. A. The crisis triggered off because of unchecked debt, banks kept issuing loans to people who invested heavily in buying assets. 1. Several things were taken for granted but when proved otherwise there was hardly a place in the world to hide. 2. The subprime crisis triggered off because of excessive borrowing, there was no money to pay back and this is why so many financial institutes went flat broke. B. The Great economic depression triggered off in the year 1930 in the US, it was triggered off by the collapse of the US stock market which is now known as Nasdaq. 1. The economy of the US recovered from t his setback only to suffer from a similar setback of a lesser magnitude which is called recession. 2. Overvaluation in real estate is perhaps the biggest cause of the current economic crisis, it is better known as the subprime crisis in the US. 3. Factors like bad income tax practices have added insult to injury, bad mortgage lending also contributed heavily to this current economic crisis. III. Prevention is better than cure. A. The situation could have been prevented 1. The FED should have taken responsibility 2. Lending should have been checked B. The Bailout package worked to a certain extent 1. The current situation remains precarious. 2. Good things to come in the future for the US economy. Conclusion: The stock market slaughter has weakened almost all the major economies of the world and this is because of the housing crisis in the US. High oil prices have affected all the people across the globe and especially the importers, inflation has been constantly on the rise because of the high oil prices and the same has affected the global economy. The confidence of the investors has taken a real beating because of the financial crisis; people have stopped investing the way they used to before the financial crisis.  

Epidemiology in Disease Control and Prevention

Epidemiology in Disease Control and Prevention The purpose of this discussion post is to briefly review the concepts of epidemiology in disease control and prevention. I will also define and apply the ecoscoial epidemiology paradigm to obesity in my community. Epidemiology means many things, but largely, it is the study of the health status in our community as determined by statistical information, probability and research (Nies McEwen, 2015). Community health nurses use the concepts of epidemiology any time the nurse conducts, collects or analyzes data regarding diseases in the community, or uses data to help identify at risk groups in the community (Nies McEwen, 2015). Our reading this week discussed a variety of epidemiological models, methods and approaches. The data collected through epidemiology can identify diseases and infections, and trace these illnesses down to a single cause. In order to identify and resolve illness, the epidemiologist must first identify the problem, detect possible causes of the disease and the disease itself; determine how the illness is spread and finally, classify how people in the community become susceptible to the disease (Nies McEwen, 2015, p. 70-72; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). Ecosocial epidemiology is a newer concept and describes diseases from a macro-level; meaning the health and disease status for a community rather than illness in just one patient (Nies McEwen, 2015). An example of ecosocial epidemiology approach would be to discuss obesity in our community. In 2013, the American Medical Association (AMA) labeled obesity as a chronic disease; the WHO described obesity as an epidemic and reported that half-a-billion people in the world obese(Stoner Cornwall, 2014). Obesity may be caused by numerous factors, including genetics, socioeconomic status or lack of education on healthy eating. Obesity is typically accompanied by other comorbid conditions such as diabetes mellitus type II, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. The cost of healthcare for obese individuals is typically more than a non-obese person. The private practice office I work in sees a fair amount of patients whose symptoms can be attributed to obesity secondary to poor diet and inc ome level. A community health nurse can examine obesity in the community from a macro-level perspective. As mentioned above, obesity can be connected to a persons socioeconomic meaning the lower a persons income or education level, the more at risk that person is for obesity (Bielemann, Santos Motta, Minten, Horta, Gigante, 2014). Individuals with lower income are more likely to consume cheaper, convenient foods with large portion sizes (i.e., fast food, frozen dinners, boxed meals, chips, etc). These food items are readily accessible and are typically higher in calories, sodium, fat and sugars. The larger portion sizes can be seen as more value for the dollar. Another study showed that even with the application of food health labels, lower socioeconomic groups are more likely to purchase these unhealthy foods and reported that food labels can be seen as unclear and confusing (Hankey, 2015). A community health nurse can collect and analyze data from the community through surveys, questionnaire s or interviews and compare the number of obese patients to their socioeconomic, education level and comorbid conditions. This data can be used to provide interventions and education to this at risk population. In conclusion, epidemiology is the study of health and disease of the entire community, and not one person. Ecosocial epidemiology looks at health and disease from a macro level and can incorporate multiple factors that may attribute to an illness.   Obesity in our community can be viewed from a macro-level, secondary to the multiple risk factors, including socioeconomic status, education and existing medical conditions. Understanding epidemiology is important to community health nursing as this information can assist the nurse in focusing on disease prevention and education for at risk populations. References Bielemann, R. M., Santos Motta, J. V., Minten, G. C., Horta, B. L., Gigante, D. P. (2014). Consumption of ultra-processed foods and their impact on the diet of young adults. Revista de Saà ºde Pà ºblica, 49, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005572 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Public health series 101 Introduction to epidemiology. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/publichealth101/epidemiology.html Hankey, C. (2015). Food and catering modifications for public health: chronic disease and obesity prevention. Medicine, 43(2), 135-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.MPMED.2014.11.004 Nies, M. A., McEwen, M. (2015). Community public health nursing (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. Stoner, L., Cornwall, J. (2014). Did the American Medical Association make the correct decision classifying obesity as a disease? Australasian Medical Journal, 7(11), 462-464. http://dx.doi.org/10.4066/AMJ.2014.2281

Renaissance Art Essay -- Essays Papers Arts History Papers

Renaissance Art The term renaissance, describing the period of European history from the early 14th to the late 16th century, is derived from the French word 'rebirth'. This period is described as the revival of the classical forms originally developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans, and an intensified concern with the secular life--interest in humanism and assertion of the importance of the individual. The renaissance period in art history corresponds to the beginning of the great western age of discovery and exploration, when a general desire developed to examine all aspects of nature and the world. Art, during this period, became valued -- not merely as a vehicle for religious and social identity, but even more as a mode of personal, aesthetic expression. The term early renaissance characterizes virtually all the art of the 15th century. Early renaissance artist sought to create art forms consistent with the appearance of the natural world and with their experience of human personality and behavior. These artists made an effort to go beyond straightforward transcription of nature, to instill the work of art with ideal, intangible qualities, endowing it with a beauty and significance greater and more permanent than that actually found in nature. Artists such as Donatello in sculpture, Masaccio in painting and Fillipo Brunelleschi in architecture were part of this period. Masaccio for instance gave figures the ?illusion? of live beings when characters and re...

Marketing Analysis of Red Bull in UK

There are various factors which contribute to the performance or non-performance of a firm in the industry with respect to its marketing. In order that the barriers to successful launching and marketing of the product are removed, the firms adopt different strategies for marketing their products. It is not only the superiority of the product that determines the saleability of a product, but also how it is presented to the ultimate customers that also matters. The marketing strategies enable the firms to educate the customers on the utility as well as quality of the products so that the customers are made to buy and use the product.In this respect the non-traditional strategies for marketing adopted by Red Bull, the multinational energy drink manufacturer has made their product a spectacular success in large number of countries including the United States, where the Company has a very huge market share of the beverages market. This dissertation proposal identifies the key marketing st rategies of Red Bull in UK for a possible dissertation presentation. Marketing Analysis of Red Bull in UK 1. 0 Introduction: In 1982, Dietrich Mateschitz heard about â€Å"tonic drinks† in Asia.These drinks enjoyed wide spread popularity and this gave him the idea to market such functional drinks outside Asia. Red Bull was initially developed in Thailand. Mateschitz bought the rights to market it world-wide excluding Thailand, which continued producing its own brand. Thus in 1984, Mateschitz founded the Red Bull GmbH company. He tweaked the taste of the drink and also changed some ingredients in order to make the drink more effective as an energy booster. He also developed a unique marketing strategy and sold the product in the Austrian market.(Red Bull History) The dissertation proposed to be undertaken will present a comprehensive analytical report on the marketing strategy adopted by Red Bull for its success in the beverage market. 2. 0 Objectives, Scope and Research Metho dology of the Dissertation In order to present a comprehensive study paper on the Marketing Strategies of Red Bull the researcher proposes to make an extensive research in the available literature. To integrate the efforts and to fix the boundaries up to which the research is to be carried, this part of the proposal outlines the scope and objective of the study.The methods for conducting such research are also detailed herein. 2. 1 Objectives of the Study: The proposal for this dissertation paper identifies the following objectives with respect to the chosen topic of the ‘Marketing Analysis of Red Bull in the UK’. The objectives are: †¢ To make a complete analysis of the various marketing strategies adopted by Red Bull for the promotion of its product in the UK. Such analysis will include the elements of marketing as also the advertising concepts that are following by Red Bull as a part of the marketing strategy.†¢ To make a complete report on the efforts take n by the company, in strengthening its distribution processes and brand building as a part of the its marketing strategy †¢ To present a critical analysis of the superiority of the strategies for marketing that is being followed by ‘Red Bull. ’ The objects of this study are proposed to be achieved by a thorough research into the available literature on the company Red Bull and its marketing and distribution strategies.Being a company of recent origin and also because of a spectacular success in the beverages market, there are a number of articles and research studies available about the marketing strategies being adopted by the company. A research in to various professional journals, magazines and technical literature will provide a deep insight in to the topic undertaken by the researcher. There are quite a number of websites available in the internet would also provide the basic information required to complete the study. 2. 2 Scope of the Study:To achieve the ob jectives outlined, this proposal for the dissertation extends the scope of the study to the following areas for an extensive research and analysis: †¢ An in-depth study into the methods of advertising and sales promotion adopted by Red Bull as part of the marketing strategy will be undertaken by the researcher for the purpose of the presenting the dissertation. †¢ The study will extend to the analysis of the various other measures being taken by Red Bull which had the effect of promoting their product. Such measures include the sponsorship of extreme sports events by Red Bull.†¢ It is also proposed to make an analysis of the distinguishing features of the marketing strategies of Red bull. For this purpose, the study will detail an analysis of the impact of the marketing strategies and also evaluate the positive effects of the marketing strategies of the company Red Bull. 2. 3 Research Methodology: Different research methods are to be used to complete the dissertation project. It is important to use both secondary and primary sources of information to achieve the goal and objectives of the study. Overall, the inductive research method is to be used because it is more appropriate for the purpose of the dissertation.Jill and Johnson (2002) write that induction is the ‘construction of explanations and theories about what has been observed†¦ learning by reflecting upon particular past experiences and through the formulation of abstract concepts, theories and generalisations that explain past and predict future, experience’. Due to the practical nature of the chosen topic, ‘Marketing Analysis of Red bull in UK’ induction is more suitable since the author will first collect data, observe, analyse and only then present his findings and conclusions.Additionally, qualitative rather than quantitative research methods will be used because the aim of the project is not to analyse figures or statistics but to observe, interpret and make recommendations if any. The general belief of business research is often thought of as collecting data, constructing questionnaires and analysing data. But it also includes identifying the problem and how to proceed solving it (Ghauri et al. , 1995) Data sources can be described as the carriers of data (information). There are two types of data sources (Ghauri et al. , 1995) 1. Primary data (field) is collected specifically for the research project.This will be in the form of observations and interviews. 2. Secondary data (desk) is collected by others. These include academic and non-academic sources. 2. 4 Qualitative Methods: The qualitative method is ‘one of the two major approaches to research methodology in social science’, which involves ‘investigating participant’s opinions, behaviours and experiences from the informants' points of view’. In contrast with the quantitative research method, the qualitative research method ‘does not rely on quantitative measurement and mathematical models, but instead uses logical deductions to decipher gathered data dealing with the human element’.In qualitative research method non-quantitative’ methods of data collection and analysis are being used (Lofland & Lofland;1984) 2. 5 Quantitative Method: Quantitative method is a research method which depends less on subjective methods but is more focused on the collection and analysis of numerical data. Quantitative research involves analysis of numerical data. According to Burns and Grove, Quantitative research is: â€Å"a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are utilised to obtain information about the research question† (Burns and Grove cited by Cormack 1991 p 140).Quantitative research uses the methods which are designed to ensure objectivity and reliability. In this method the researcher is considered external to the actual research and results are expected to be the same, no matte r who conducts the research.. Out of the above discussions on the research methodology, the proposal advocates, inductive and qualitative research methods for the preparation of the dissertation through primary as well as secondary sources. 3. 0 Literature Review: The Company Red Bull has emerged as a big success and is presently selling in large number of countries all over the world.The grand success of the company is mainly due to the novel marketing strategy adopted by the company in promoting its product by following unconventional means of advertising. Bevnet, the website on the beverage news indicates that â€Å"Red Bull is a utility drink to be taken against mental or physical weariness or exhaustion. † In fact this is the philosophy on which the marketing of Red Bull is based. But in spite of the heavy advertising â€Å"Countries like Norway, Denmark and France are so nervous about the can’s contents, they’ve banned the sale of Red Bull. † (CBC N ews) Websites like Snopes.com claim that â€Å"Red Bull energy drink contains a banned, government –manufactured stimulant linked to the formation of brain tumours†. But Red Bull never got perturbed by these negative campaigns. This literature review makes a presentation on the marketing strategies adopted by the company for the promotion of its products in the UK. While discussing the superiority of the marketing strategy of the company, the study also details the efforts of the company in the brand building. 3. 1 Marketing Strategy of Red Bull in UK: Red Bull GmBH is a privately owned Austrian company, with sales of $1640 million in 2003 and 1850 employees.Since introducing Red Bull in 1987, the brunt of investment for the company has been in brand building and quirky marketing. While many companies spend on product diversification, Red Bull has stuck constantly to their single product with its unchanged taste. Red Bull also has unusual distribution. The company reli es heavily on bars and night clubs, where they let people sample the product. They also sponsor alternative sports to promote the drink. Traditional advertising is the last thing that the company invests in. Red Bull has built for itself an image of being a luxury or an identification of a lifestyle.Red Bull claims that â€Å"Research has proven that just one or two cans of Red Bull can help alleviate the effects of tiredness – there is no added benefit in consuming the product in excessive amounts† (BBC. Co. UK). The strong point for the marketing of Red Bull in UK is the strong distribution set up it holds in there. Such stronger distribution is not prevalent in the other markets for Red Bull. Red Bull has spread its wings in the US also. Amy Scott observes â€Å"Popular in Europe for years, Red Bull has been making a slow and steady dent in the American energy drink market.† Money Culture says â€Å"In the US Red Bull is popular with college kids and night c lubbers, whom the company aggressively targets. † 3. 2 Distribution Network of Red Bull in UK: In the year 2002 Red bull dominated 46 percent of the sports drink market in the UK. The company was able to achieve this great a height in the sports drink market, by a strong distribution network it carries in UK which is considered as its best marketing strategy for the promotion of sales. As a start up measure Red Bull approached small distributors and encouraged them to stock and sell the drink Red Bull only.With the successful brand building by the company the distributor would be able to break even within a short period and will become profitable in just less than six months. Then the distributor becomes attached to the selling of the drink and starts to get supplies directly from the company. Similar arrangements are being entered with other forms of selling points like hot night clubs and trendy pubs and bars. Along with supplies of few cases of the drinks, the company suppl ies a Red Bull Branded Cooler and other Promotional materials.Such a kind of distribution approach gives not only a larger visibility for the product but also a fertile ground for the new drinks to emerge victorious against competition. The company also had internal set up with separate units responsible for selected areas. These units will be responsible for creating the distribution networks, communication with the networks, marketing and sales promotion in the designated areas though the developed distribution network. 3. 3 Marketing Mix Strategy of Red Bull: Traditional marketing usually falls into the following four categories which can be controlled.They are product, price, place and promotion and are known as the marketing mix. James Culliton described the marketing manager as a ‘mixer of ingredients’. However the term was popularized in 1964 when Neil H. Borden in an article referred to them as the ‘marketing mix’. (Net MBA) Red Bull how ever has it s own marketing mix strategy. The company spent close to six million pounds on marketing in 1998. The marketing strategy of Red Bull is dependent up on three important aspects which are known as ‘Three Pillar Marketing System’. They are: †¢ The first one is mainstream media advertising.†¢ The second is extreme sports events sponsorship and †¢ Third, by sampling presentations to the consumers 3. 4 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis: The five forces analysis on Red Bull can be summarized as below: Barriers to New Entrants: The beverage drink industry needs a strong distribution network for the distribution of the drinks. The access to the distribution network poses a barrier for any new entrant. Moreover building a brand image needs considerable time and money being spent on the product promotion which also acts as a barrier for new entries in the market. Power of Customers:The force of power of customers acts very strongly on the total beverage market as there are a number of alternative products available and switching to the alternate product doesn’t cost the consumer any extra cost. Hence even a small variation in quality or price will have an immediate impact on the product showing a strong customer power. Power of Suppliers: It cannot be said that the power of suppliers has a major impact on the industry as the major ingredients are not very scarce. Mostly each beverage company has its own formulas that cannot be infringed by any competitor or supplier.The major raw materials are water and some chemicals which are easily available in the market. Hence power of suppliers is not strong force acting on the industry. Substitute Products: There are a plenty of substitutes available in the market in the form of soft drinks that attract the customers through promotions and catchy advertising campaigns. The competition is made stiff with the availability of a number of substitute products. Hence this force needs to be reckoned while assessing the strength of the product within the market. Competitor Rivalry:Already the industry is facing heavy competition among the major players with their established brands. In addition, the forces of ‘powers of customers’ and the ‘availability of substitute products’ also adds up the competition. So in order to achieve growth in the market share and sustain the growth achieved Red Bull should continue to follow all its marketing strategies and novel ideas of retaining old customers and attracting new customers. 5. 0 Structure of the Final Dissertation: The dissertation paper proposes to make a comprehensive report on the Marketing Strategy of the Company Red Bull Gmbh in UK.With the help of the collected information from the various sources, the report will identify the various marketing strategies adopted by Red Bull in UK for its successful launch and growth in the UK market and also critically analyse the strengths and weaknesses of such str ategies. In addition, the study will cover the Competitors’ strengths against Red Bull. In order to have a coherence of thought and clarity the dissertation paper will be structured as below: Abstract Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature Review Chapter 3 Research Methodology Chapter 4 Findings and Discussion Chapter 5 Conclusion RecommendationReferences Appendices The dissertation will generally follow the flow and substance outlined in the body of this proposal. Wherever necessary additional inputs in the form of excerpts from books and journal articles will be included to increase the informative strength of the concept, although the structure of the dissertation will be maintained as outlined here. 6. 0 Time Table: In order to accomplish the data collection, analysis and summing up being major processes of writing up the dissertation paper, the preparation and presentation of the dissertation report has been proposed to follow the time schedule indicated below:Submi ssion of Dissertation Proposal: 15th May 2007 Approval of the Proposal : 20th May 2007 Collection of Data : 30th May 2007 Collection of resources : 15th June 2007 Preparation of Draft Report : 20th June 2007 Submission of Final Dissertation : 25th June 2007 References: 1. Amy Scott It's Not the Thirsty, But Energy Fiends Who Imbibe Red Bull http://journalism. berkeley. edu/projects/drink/redbull. html 2. Anni Layne Rodgers (2001)It’s a (Red) Bull Market After All Fast Company. comhttp://www. fastcompany. com/articles/2001/10/redbull. html 3. BBC. Co. UK Prison for Red Bull Binge Driver http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/4634638. stm 4. Bevenet Red Bull Energy Drink http://www. bevnet. com/reviews/redbull/ 5. Burns and Grove cited by Cormack (1991), p. 140, taken form ‘Ways of Approaching Research: Quantitative Design’ in December 2003. 6. CBC News (2005) Raging Bull: Health warnings over popular energy drink being brushed off? http://www. cbc. ca/consu mers/market/files/health/redbull/index. html 7. Drawert. com The Marketing Mix Strategyhttp://www. drawert. com/red_bull_7. php 8. Gobe (2001) Emotional Branding: The New Paradigm for Connecting Brands to People Allworth Press 9. Ghauri, P. , Gronhaug K and Kristianslund I. , (1995) â€Å"Research methods in business studies – a practical guide† Hempstead, Prentice Hall 10. Jill, J. and Johnson, P. (2002). Research methods for managers. 3d ed. London: Sage Publications 11. Lofland, John and Lyn H. Lofland. (1984). Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 12. Money Culture The Murketing of Red Bull http://www.robwalker. net/html_docs/redbull. html 13. Nancy F. Koehn, (2001) Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell Harvard Business School Press 14. Net MBA The Marketing Mix: The 4 P’s of Marketing http://www. netmba. com/marketing/mix/ 15. Red Bull History A Refreshed Crew is an Efficient Crew http://www. speedace. info/red_bull. htm 16. Saunders, M. , Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2003) â€Å"Research Methods for business students† 3rd ed. , Harlow, Essex, FT Prentice Hall 17. Snopes. com Bull Marketed http://www. snopes. com/medical/potables/redbull. asp

Climate control essays

Climate control essays This exercise was a busy exercise. It was interesting to take a closer look at the weather though. I found myself also trying to predict it instead of just reading it. My boyfriend thought I was crazy and trying to be mister no-it-all when I told him to take rain gear to work with him because I told him it was going to rain when it was a perfectly sunny morning. He got wet that day. Some interesting things were happening in the weather. We had warmer temperatures in September than we did in August. Down in the southern part of the U.S. had hurricane after hurricane. We had flooding in the middle of September. The basement of my new house flood and I had and still have a mess. It was an interesting month as far s weather is concerned. In keeping a diary of the weather and how much precipitation I had out at my house found to be an experience in itself. My boyfriend would dump the rain gauge, and then when I went to check it, it would be empty. He doesnt remember things very well so it would take my twenty minutes to help him think of how much rain we got. We didnt get much rain until about the middle of September when we started get a lot of rain fall and a lot of flooding due to this rain fall. The month o September was a better month than July or August, temperature wise. The temps for the most part stayed in the 80s to mid 70s. I think at one point in time the weather man said that we were on day 10 for being in the 80s. Now at the end of the month and the beginning of the new month the temps are getting right back down to were they would normally be. I think that it feels a little colder though because we had such warm weather for most of the month and then the temps dropped pretty fast and now it is cold, c old outside. It has been freezing at night. Over the weekend it was snowing and sleeting up in the northern part of the state. A few of my friends were up at Lake Vermillion for ...

The Issues of Sexuality and Femininity in Carson McCullers A Member of the Wedding

The Issues of Sexuality and Femininity in Carson McCullers A Member of the Wedding Feminism as the theory is based on the discussion of many points among which it is possible to determine the issues of sexuality and femininity. These concepts are closely associated with the gender questions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Issues of Sexuality and Femininity in Carson McCullers’ A Member of the Wedding specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The sexual expression is traditionally discussed as the male prerogative, and femininity is considered as an absolute quality which should be characteristic for each woman. The theory of feminism rejects the mentioned ideas, and there are a lot of examples that these statements are not reasonable. In her novel A Member of the Wedding, Carson McCullers discusses many points connected with the woman’s development, including the issues of sexuality and femininity. McCullers’ approaches to presenting the aspects of the main character Frankieâ€℠¢s development and awareness of herself as a woman depend on rejecting the traditional vision of the problem, and they can be discussed as rather feministic and provocative in their nature. Young Frankie can be characterized as a tomboyish girl who begins to discover her femininity and sexuality. Frankie begins to pay attention to â€Å"a feeling that she had never heard named before† (McCullers 98). It is possible to speak about Frankie’s inner conflict when she discovers her feelings for her cousin and his bride, and when she struggles with her femininity as well with her tomboyishness. On the one hand, Frankie should act according to the social visions of the gender roles. On the other hand, the girl experiences some unfamiliar and strange feelings. Free states that young Frankie’s â€Å"lack of knowledge about the existence of homosexuality contributes to her confusion, isolation, and perception of herself as grotesque-ironic† (Free 438).Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More That is why, Frankie’s feelings are the real challenge, and they cannot be explained with references to the traditional social visions of the fact. Frankie feels confused when it is necessary to speak about her emotions because they can be discussed as opposite to the appropriate views on the woman’s sexuality. Thus, Frankie is confused when Berenice pays attention to her jealousy which can be seen â€Å"from the color in [her] eye† (McCullers 4). Furthermore, Frankie does not like strange and â€Å"queer† conversations about love or about â€Å"a thing known and not spoken† (McCullers 100). The problem is in the fact women cannot experience some specific feelings in relation to the definite stereotypes developed in the society. These feelings are often hidden and not named that is why Frankie even thinks about herself as being a freak who has some wild and forbidden feelings. The main character of the novel tries to find some features in her inner world which can connect her with the other people. This search is caused by Frankie’s feelings that the world is â€Å"somehow separate from herself† (McCullers 24). According to Free, â€Å"the universalized loneliness† which is experienced by Frankie can be combined with the issues of â€Å"homosexuality or androgyny† which are rather challengeable for the young girl (Free 428). If the traditional public’s views on the problem can be different and often negative, the theory of feminism concentrates on these issues as the significant ones for understanding the women’s identity and their role in the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Issues of Sexuality and Femininity in Carson McCullers’ A Member of the Wedding specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The story of Frankie depicted in A Member of the Wedding can be discussed as the female author’s provocative vision of such typical problems as the adolescent’s development which is based on the development of the girl’s sexuality. Such notions as homosexuality, androgyny, femininity, and masculinity are also connected with the issue, and their indirect discussion with the help of depicting Frankie’s personality accentuates the feministic approach to the problem’s presentation. Free, Melissa. â€Å"Relegation and Rebellion: The Queer, the Grotesque, and the Silent in the Fiction of Carson McCullers†. Studies in the Novel 40.4 (2009): 426-446. Print. McCullers, Carson. A Member of the Wedding. USA: Mariner Books, 2004. Print.

Financial Modelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Modelling - Essay Example This paper models an approach for estimation of the probability of default (PD) using publicly available information. It borrows from past research to develop an analytical approach and explore the provided data sample. Regulators are conventionally not the single constituency of individuals interested in PD estimate properties. Typically, PDs are products of credit asset pricings, from bonds, loans, as well as sophisticated instruments including credit derivatives. These are often needed for successful risk management. According to (DDDDD), default is however considered a rare event, more particularly, for high credit quality firms which constitute a bulk of huge corporate segment in any of the big banks. However, PDs can systematically vary with business cycle and hence unlike to remain stable over time. In this report, a number of factors are identified, factor which shape or rather act as determinants of probability of default. These include price to book ratio, age of firm, regi on where firm is located, firm’s sector, debt ratio, and size of the firms. According to Freedman (2005) regression analysis includes modeling and analysis of variables, with special focus on the relationship between a dependent variable and a set of independent variables. Its helps a researcher establish how the dependent variable is alters when one or more of the dependent variable is varied. ... ed in various firm metrics for the period following on the period for which default risk (probability of default) is calculated, and if the Fama and French risk factors, size and price to book ratio, are proxies for default effect. Vassalou & Xing (2004) looked for an effect of default risk on equity returns, and besides that, tested if the Fama and French factors size and book to market ratio, explain equity returns because they capture a default effect. Their findings reported that the size of a firm and its price to book ratio do not explain equity returns cross-section due to the fact that they contain information that is related to default risk. Additionally, the researchers conclude that high default risk can only be compensated by higher returns in small organizations which have a high price to book ratio. Population and Sample Selection While a number of factors have been used in the past to evaluate the default risk by firms, the reports limits itself to the probability of d efault as a measure of risk. Only a few major predictor variables were chosen for these studies investigations. The performance and various growth related indicators of probability of default were compared against each other. The data obtained was drawn from a large base of firms, each of whose the probability of default was related against the selected variables and a pattern proposed. It is important to emphasize that no causal relationship is assumed but rather the variables are merely used as predictors. The study sample comprised of data from 300 firms, each with known probability of default and a multiple other variables. Sample Selection Given the large number of corporations across the globe, the data obtained was limited to only 300 firms whose full range of data as per the

Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Islam - Essay Example Polytheism mostly in the form of animism was rampant among the Bedouin tribes in the pre-Islamic Arabia (â€Å"Culture and Religion†). Their tribes or families sold women in pre-Islamic Arabia to their husbands in exchange for dowry. Pre-Islamic Arabia had unlimited polygamy. Divorce among the Arabs of the pre-Islamic peninsula was a totally unregulated male prerogative. Women were granted no rights with respect to divorce. Women were not given anything from inheritance. People would bury their daughters alive. Despite the gender discrimination, forces of cultural unity in the tribal structure existed in the pre-Islamic Arabia. Qasidah was a special style of Arabic poetry that celebrated the ethos of honor and bravery of the Bedouins. It is the very existence of Qasidah, recited at tribal gatherings and market fairs that â€Å"has convinced historians that the Arabs of the seventh century possessed a common poetic language that could be understood in different regions of the peninsula† (Cleveland and Bunton